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Radar is a useful instrument to get target information in restricted visibility and night navigation. If there are many similar targets in a close area, navigators sometimes make errors in recognizing the radar’s target direction when they find the targets in a seascape using radar information. They sometimes indicate other targets instead of their intended target by mistake. We must prevent the errors, to reduce accidents and improve safe navigation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate why navigators make mistakes when identifying the direction between the radar’s target echo on the display and the actual vessel in the seascape. We tackle this problem in three steps: 1) we propose a navigator’s radar target cognitive model; 2) we evaluate the errors of the radar target cognition and its indication in the seascape and 3) we discuss the errors with the parallax.

A human navigator attempts to handle the ship for safe navigation by judging navigational information on own ship’s condition, targets and current‐wind effects. He/she has the responsibility of human lives and the economic values to judge. The human navigator maintains high mental workload during the navigational watch keeping. Therefore, we need to develop a support system to reduce the mental workload with human‐system cooperation based on the navigator’s KANSEI, and we must research an index to assess the mental workload for the first step, as the research on the KANSEI of ship’s navigator is not yet available in the world. In addition we depend on the professional’s experience for the assessment. The purpose of this paper is to find characteristics of the mental workload using heart rate variability. The experiment is carried out in six types of sea area on the west side of Japan. The subject is the chief officer of a training ship at Kobe University.

The purpose of this paper is to propose that the measurement of salivary amylase activity is an effective index to evaluate the stress of a ship navigator for safe navigation training and education.

Evaluation comes from the simulator and actual on‐board experiments. The subjects are real captains who have unlimited licenses and cadets who are senior students at Kobe University, navigation course. Stress is evaluated for several situations where a ship navigator makes a lot of decisions, in this case in a narrow passage, entering a port and leaving a port.

Salivary amylase activity occurs when a ship navigator makes a decision regarding ship handling and collision avoidance. By measuring salivary amylase activity when a student is under duress, cadets' ship‐handling training can be evaluated while onboard a vessel.

Future research will develop cross‐indices with the salivary amylase activity and other physiological indices (nasal temperature and heart rate variability (R‐R interval)), complementary to each other. The salivary amylase activity registers the stress quickly on the spot. Then the nasal temperature and R‐R interval registers the trend and the quick response to the stress (mental workload).

The paper describes an effective index which is useful for evaluating a ship navigator's stress for safe navigation.

Ship navigator's skill and cadet's on‐board training have been evaluated according to performance and a questionnaire as a quantitative evaluation; moreover, stress is evaluated using salivary amylase activity.

This paper aims to propose that the nasal temperature is an effective index to evaluate the mental workload of a navigator for effective navigation.

The evaluation comes from the actual on‐board experiment, not simulation. The subject is real bridge teammates; captain, duty officer, and quarter master. The mental workload is evaluated for a lot of navigational situations.

The nasal temperature responds when the navigator makes a decision regarding ship‐handling and collision avoidance, and shows well the whole trend of his decision‐making. Then the nasal temperature takes effect to evaluate the bridge team work among captain, duty officer and quarter master.

Future research is to make cross‐indices with the nasal temperature and the heart rate variability (R‐R interval) complementary to each other where the nasal temperature registers the trend and the R‐R interval registers the quick response of the mental workload.

The paper describes the effective index which is useful to evaluate bridge teammates’ mental workload for effective navigation.

Navigator's skill has been evaluated according to behavior (performance) and a questionnaire as a quantitative evaluation; moreover, the mental workload tries to do it using nasal temperature and heart rate variability.

This study aims to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic affected telework initiatives in Japanese companies and investigate the factors that affect telework based on the technology, organization and environment (TOE) model, through the analysis of published documents.

Document analysis was adopted. Documents were collected from English news articles in the Nikkei Asian Review and Nikkei Asia which cover Japan's economy, industries and markets. The results of surveys by the Persol Research Institute and Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Industry were also provided to discuss factors promoting and hindering telework. Content analysis was adopted to analyse the documents.

COVID-19 had an unavoidable impact on the implementation of telework that the government had previously failed to instigate. Japanese listed companies tend to implement telework, whereas small- and medium-sized companies are struggling. The ratio of telework has been low even after the declaration of the state of emergency because there exist organizational, technological and environmental barriers to telework in Japan.

This study contributes to discussions on work style reform by focusing on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on telework. This research also gives new insight into operationalization of telework in organizations not only in Japan but also in other countries known for low rates of telework and inflexible work styles such as Korea.